Mechanical tools

  Cutting speed and rpm for drilling machine . define cutting speed . state the factors for determining the cutting speed . ddifferentiate between cutting speed and rpm . determine rpm/spindle speed . rpm for drill sizes For a drill to give a satisfactory performance, it must operate at the correct cutting speed and feed. Cutting speed is the speed at which the edge passes over the materials while cutting, and is expressed in metres per minut.cutting speed is also sometimes stated  as surface speed or peripheral speed. The section of the recommended cutting speed for drilliing depends on the materials to be drilled, and the tool material. Tool manufacturer's usually provide a table of cutting speeds required for different materials. The recommended cutting speeds for different materials. Based on the cutting speed recommended, the RPM, at which a drill has to be driven, is determined.

Work-holding devices  . The purpose of Work-holding devices . name the devices used for holding work . the precautions to be observed while using Work-holding devices workpieces to be drilled should be properly held or clamped to prevent from rotating along with the drill. Improperly secured work is not only a danger to the operator but also cause inaccurate work, and breakage to the drill. Various devices are used to  ensure proper holding. The machine vice Most of the drilling work can be held in a machine vice. Ensure that the Driill does not drill through the vice after it has passed through the work. For this purpose, the work can be lifted upa and secured on parallel blocks providing a gap between the work and the bottom on the vice👇     workpieces which are not accurate may be supported by wooden pieces 👇 Clamps and Bolts Driil machine tables are provided with T-slots for fitting bolts heads. Using clamps and bolts, the workpieces can be held very rigid...

  The types of drill holding devices . name the types of dril holding devices . state the features of drill chucks . state the functions of driil sleeves . state the function of drift For driling holes on materials, the drills are to be held accurately and rigidly on the machines. The common drill holding devices are drill chucks and sleeves and sockets Drill Chuck Straight shank drills are held in drill chucks. For fixing and removing drills, the chucks are provided either with a pinion and key or a knurled ring. The drill chucks are held on the machine spindle by means of an arbor fitted on the drill chuck. Taper sleeves and sockets Taper shank drills have a morse taper. Sleeves and sockets are made with the same taper so that the taper shank of the drill, when engaged, will give a good wedging action. Due to this reason morse tapers are called self holding tapers. Drills are provided with five different sizes of morse tapers, and are numbered from MT1 to  MT5. In order to m...

  Types of drilling machines🤔 . name the types of drilling machines . identify the parts of bench and pillar      type drilling machines . compare the features of the bench and    pillar type drilling machines. The principal types of drilling machines are the sensitive bench drilling machine and pillar drilling machine. The column drilling machine and the radial arm drilling machine. (You are not likely to use the column and radal type of drilling machine now. Now explain only sensitive and pillar drilling machine) The sensitive bench drilling machine The simplest type of a sensitive drilling machines.This is used for light duty work This machine is capable of drilling holes up to12.5mm diameter. The drills are fitted in the chuck or directly in the tapered hole of the machine spindle. For normal drilling, the work surface is kept horizontal. If the holes are to be drilled at an angle, the table can be tited. Diffent spindle speeds are achieved by  ch...

  Parts of a drill bits Drilling process of making holes on workpieces. The tool used is a drill. For drilling is rotated with a downward pressure causing tha tool to prenetrate into the material. Parts of a drill bit Point The cone shaped end which does the cutting is called the point. It consists of a dead centre, lips or cutting edges, and a heel. Shank This is the driving end of the drill which is fitted on to the machine. Shanks are of two types. Taper shank, used for larger diameter drills, and straight shank, used for smaller diameter drills. Tang This is a part of the taper shank drill which fits into the slot of the drilling machine spindle. Body The portion between the point and the shank is called the body of  drill. The parts of the body are flute, land/margin, body clearance and web Flutes Flutes are the spiral grooves which run to the length of the drill. The flutes help to form the cutting edges, to curl the chips and allow these to come out the coolant to flow ...

  Uses of radius gauges  Radius gauge  Radius gauges are used to check the internal and external radius of workpieces. These gauges are made of high quality steel sheets and are finished to accurate radius.Radii of parts are checked by  comparing the radius of the gauges. Radius gauge are available in sets of several blades held in a holder. Each blade can be separately pulled out of the holder when in use. The sizes of the radius is marked on the individual blades of the gauges.These gauges are available in different combinations with internal and external radius.individual gauges are also available for different radii. Before using radius gauges Ensure the gauges are perfectly clean, remove burrs, if any, from the workpieces, check and make sure there is no damage to the profile of the gauges.

Types of enginneeering hammer Hammer An engineers hammer is a hand tool used for striking purpose while punching, bending, straightening, chipping, forging,riveting. The major parts of a hammer are a head and handle. The head is made of drop-forged carbon steel,, while the wooden handle must be capable of absorbing shock.The parts of a hammer head are the face, pein, cheek,eye hole                                                                        face: The face is the striking portion. Slight convexty is given to it to avoid digging of the edge                                                                     pein: The pein is the ...

  Uses of  scribers  Scribers  In lay out work, it is necessary to scribe lines to indicate the dimension of the workpieces to be filled or machined. The scriber is a tool used for this purpose. It is made of high carbon steel which is hardened. For drawing clear and sharp lines,, a fine point is ground at one end. Scribers are available in different shapes and sizes. The most commonly used is the plain scriber. When scribing lines, the scriber is used like a pencil so that the lines drawn are close to the straight edge. The point of the scriber should be ground and honed frequently for maintaining its sharpness. scriber points are very sharp, and they are to be handled very carefully. Do not put the scriber in your pocket. Place a cork on the point when not in  use to prevent accidents.

Application of vernier depth gauge Vernier depth gauge A vernier depth gauge is a very commonly used precision instrument for the measuring of holes, recesses, slots and steps. Its construction and method of reading are similar to those of a vernier calipers. Parts of a vernier depth gauge  Base(1),graduated beam(2),clamping screw(3),fine adjustment mechanism(4),vernier scale(5).The base is the fixed unit and serves as a datum for measurement. It also carries the vernier scale and the fine adjustment mechanism. The beam with the main scale gradutions is the sliding member or part. Fine adjustment for measurement are made after tightening the clamping screw and the fine adjustment mechanism while taking measurement the base should be firmly held against the reference surface. The relief  given at the end of the beam of some vernier height gauges is to  avoid the seating in the corners of slots and to ensure correct reading. Remove burrs, if any, before taking measurements....

 TYPES OF MARKING PUNCHES  Punches are used in order to make certain dimensional features of the layout permanent. There are two types of punches. There are centre punch and prick punch.        Centre Punch: the angel of the point is 90degree in a centre punch. The Punch mark made by this is wide and not very deep. This punch is used for locating holes. The wide punch mark gives a good seating for starting the drill.                                                            Prick Punch: the angle of the prick punch is 30 or 60 degree. The 30 degree point punch is used  for marking light punch marks needed to position dividers. The divider leg will  get a proper seating in the punch mark. The 60degree prick punch is used for marking witness mark

  Common files of different shapes    For filling and finishing different profiles, files of different shapes are used. The shapes of files is stated its cross section.common files of different shapes.  Square file, round file, half round file, triangular file and kinfe edge file.    Square file The squre file is square file is square in its cross section. It is used for filing and square holes, internal square corners, rectangular openings, keyways and splines  Round file A round file is circular in its cross section. It is used for enlarging the circular holes and filing profiles with fillets. Half round file A half round file is in the shape of a segment of a circle. It is used for filling internal curved surfaces. Triangular file A triangular file is of a triangular cross section. It is used for filling corners and angles which are more than 60degree. Kinfe edge file  A kinfe edge file has the cross section of a sharp triangle. It is used for ...

  Types of Hacksaw Frames  The hand hacksaw is used along with a blade to cut metals of different sections.it is also used to cut slots and contours. The two types of hacksaw frames are solid frames and adjustable frame. Solid Frame:Only particular standard lengths of blade can be fitted to this frame. Adjustable frame:Different standard lengths of blades can be fitted to this frame. Adjustable frame (tubular type) most commonly used type. It gives a better grip and control,whlle sawing. For proper working, it is necessary to have frames of rigid construction. HACKSAW BLADES:hacksaw blade is a thin narrow steel band with teeth, and two pin holes at the ends. It is used along with a hacksaw frame. The blade is made of either low alloy steel or high speed steel and is available in standard lengths of 250mm and 300mm. two tyeps of hacksaw blades are available in market-all hard blades and flexible blades...

  The uses of a engineer's steel rule  Steel rule When dimensions are given in a drawing with out any indication about the tolerance. It has to be assumed that measurements are to be made with a steel rule. Steel rule are made of spring steel or stainless steel. The edges are accurately ground to form straight edges.The surface of the steel rule is satin chrome finished to reduce glare and to prevent rusting. SIZES OF STEEL RULE:Steel rules are available in different lengths, the common sizes being 150mmm, 300mm, 600mm. The engineers steel rule is graduated in 10mm, 5mm, 1mm and 0.5mm. The reading accuracy of the steel rule is 0.5mm. For accurate reading, it is necessary to read vertically and avoid errors arising out of parallax. An experienced person can transfer measurements from a steel rule very accurately. The steel rule graduations are accurately engraved with the line thickness ranging form 0.12 to0.18mm.for maintaini...

   Jenny calipers are used for marking and layout work Jenny calipers are used for marking and layout work. These calipers are also known as hermaphrodite calipers, odd leg calipers and leg and point calipers. Jenny calipers have one leg with an adjustable divider point,while the other is a bent leg. They legs are joined together to make a firm joint.         USES                                                                         jenny calipers are used for marking lines to inside and outside edges. Locating the centre of round bars. Calipers are available with the usual bend leg or with a heel. Calipers with ordinary bent legs are used for drawing lines parallel along outer edges. While setting dimensions and scribing lines, both legs should be of equal length. The...

  5 types of vices                                            There are different types of vices used for holding work pieces. They are quick releasing vice, pipe vice, hand vice, pin vice, and toolmaker vice. Quick releasing vice A quick releasing vice is similar to an ordinary bench vice but the opening of the movable jaw is done buy using a trigger. If the trigger at the front of the movable jaw is pressed, the nut disengages the screw and the movable jaw is pressed, the nut disengages the screw and the movable jaw can be set in any desired place quickly. Pipe vice   A pipe vice used for holding round section of metal, tubes and pipes. In this vice,the screw is vertical and movable. The jaw works vertically. The pipe vice grips the works at four points on its surface.  Hand vice Hand vices are used for gripping screws, rivets, keys, small drills and o...

How to raise chickens with health? One day old chicks are reared.The overall health of the chicks reared in this way is poor.This is because they are hatched through more incubators.A brooder should be set up for the health of the babies.The brooder is a small cage that we make ourselves so that the babies can get the heat they need.All it takes is one bulb to make the brooder.That is, we can use it as a brooder by putting a bulb in the cage we use.Transfer these chickens to the brooder.The chicks are transferred to the brooder to get the heat they need.Keep the chicks in the brooder for a week.The brooder is stopped in order to get the heat needed for the body of the chicks.A bulb should be set in the brooder.Get enough heat from that bulb.Her body receives heat from the atmosphere during the day when it needs light only at night.Chicks that need good heat, they go to the bottom of the bulb itself.Keep babies who do not need heat away from the bulb.Chickens should be kept in the brood...

  Parts of a vernier calipers A vernier caliper is a precision measuring instruments. It is used to measure up to an accuracy of 0.02mm.The parts of  a vernier caliper fixed jaws(1 and 2) are parts of the beam scale. One jaw is used for taking external measurements, and the other for internal measurements. Movable jaws(3and4): movable jaws are part of the vernier slide. One jaw is used for external measurements, and the other for internal measurements Vernier slide(5) :A vernier slide moves over the beam and can be set in any position by means of a spring loaded thumb lever beam(6): The vernier slide, and the depth bar attached to it, slide over the beam. The graduation on the beam are called the main scale division. depth bar(7): The depth bar is attached to the vernier slide and is used for depth measurement. Thumb lever(8): The thumb lever is a spring loaded lever which helps to set the vernier slab in any position on the beam scale. vernier scale (9): The vernier scale is ...

 How to do crop feeding for parrot chick Sometimes parrots do not feed their young.Thus, when the babies are not fed, hand feed has to be given.A lot of hand feeding feeds are now available online.Alternatively, care should be taken when feeding babies.The baby is usually fed with a syringe.Many such syringes are available online. But it is expensive.We can set it up very easily at home.First we need a syringe. We can get it from our medical store. A small plastic tube is required.A small plastic pipe to attach to the tip of the syringe.It is also available in medical shops. Small thickness pipe is used.Cut this pipe two inches by three inches long.Cut that and set the tube at the tip of an edge syringe.Heat the other side slightly and roll into a ball shape.The end of the tube is shaped like a ball so that it does not injure the inside of the baby's body when it is dropped into the mouth during hand feeding.Some babies are reluctant to eat when hand feeding with a syringe.At t...

   4 ideas for reduce the smell of poultry dropping Due to limited space, everyone now raises chickens in cages.When chickens are kept in cages in this way, the droppings accumulate and the odor becomes annoying to others.When keeping chickens in cages only, care should be taken to keep the cages clean at least two days a week.If not cleaned in this way, their excrement will accumulate and create a foul odor.This is because when chickens are reared in cages, the water in their cages is put in a container and the chickens are knocked out. In this way, the water gets into the chicken droppings and causes bacteria to grow.All of the amino acids in which these bacteria grow are ammonium after being taken away.It causes more odor.It would be better to put the nipple on to fix this.It is also good to put wood powder at the bottom of the cage.When the wood dust is put on the bottom like this, all the faeces fall into it and all the moisture in it absorbs all the wood dust and all the...

All about Karinkozhi   Black hens or Kadakkanath are a species of poultry of the Indian genus.It was raised by tribal families in Madhya Pradesh.Today, they are found in many states of India.Their eggs and meat have many medicinal properties.These were raised by the tribesmen to give vitamins to their children to improve their bodies.Black hens are more resistant than normal chickens.They thrive in any climate.These are identified as total black.Black feathers black legs and nails and black flowers and tongue black.Their flesh is also black.Their black color is due to their high melanin content in the body.They have a lot more protein in their body than other chickens.The fat content is much lower than other chickens.They are high in melanin and are good for heart disease.In Kerala, the price of black chicken meat is around Rs. 300 to 400 per kg.The maximum weight of black hens is 1.5 to 2 kg.Here eggs are also good for the human body and are low in fat.It is also commonly gi...

How to raise chickens without wasting money on feed? One of the things to keep in mind when raising chickens is their food cost.Usually when raising chickens at home, their food cost goes unnoticed.When we feed and raise chickens, we do not get any profit if we look at the cost of their feed as well.You have to give natural food to make a profit by raising chickens.Usually everyone raises a one day old hen at home.Gives them a starter for a month. After a month, Grover feeds and nurtures.When grown in this way, the cost of feed increases with each passing month.Or if for some reason the chickens are not sold they will be given more feed and then lost when sold.People are losing money by raising chickens in this way.                            How   to reduce   the feed cost   of      chickens and raise them?        This is something that can be done very simply.F...

Krishnaparunthu of kerala(brahminy kite) Krishnaparunthu lives everywhere except in arid deserts and forests. Birds are very compatible with humans if they are available from a young age.They can be adapted very well.They like prefers moist soils and lakes.They are also found in cities and on crowded beaches.They are most common in inhabited areas.These are known as Krishnaparunthu in Malayalam and braminy kite in English.The head, neck and chest are white and the rest are saffron.The braminy kite is one of the most beautiful birds eagle.Many people like to breed these because they are well adapted to humans.The falcon is a belief of Keralites.The favorite food of brahminy kites are crabs, frogs and fish.Since crabs are an enemy to farmers, falcons become an ally to farmers.Similarly, they become a friend to the farmers as they eat the rats which are the enemies of the farmers.They eat all living things, including snakes, frogs and butterflies.The hawks' favorite food is fish.So it...

  Foods to give parrots to talk to.Do parrots talk? Parrots are birds that can talk like humans.That is why everyone loves to raise parrots.Parrots are birds that are very attuned to humans and have the ability to talk like humans.Do parrots talk?Parrots speak according to the way raise them.In the past it was said that there was a misconception that if sugarcane leaf were given, their tongue would become thinner and they would be able to speak.Never so. No matter how thin the tongue, they speak as if they were grow.If they are words that are heard regularly, they have the ability to catch and mimic.No matter what parrots we buy, we do not have to give them any material to talk about.do not want to scare the parrots.All we have to do for the parrots to talk is not to scare them as much as possible.Do not create a situation to scare them in any way.When they are scared because of us, they are less likely to adapt.Then when they see us they are scared and go to one side of the cage ...

  Fruits and vegetables that kill parrots